Borobudur
Temple,
Historical
Inheritance and Beautiful Buddhist Monument in the World
Who does not know Borobudur temple? Borobudur
Temple is one of culture inheritances, which is the biggest and full of reliefs
Buddhist monument in the world. Borobudur temple is well-known tourism object
in Indonesia, and in the world. Many foreign tourists who come from other
country are very excited to visit Borobudur Temple. Let’s see anything about
this temple i.e. the site or location, the structure, history, function and
relief of Borobudur Temple.
A. Site
or Location
Borobudur Temple
is located on coordinate 110o of east longitude and 8o of
south latitude. The exact location is in the regency of Magelang, Kedu. It is
about 15 km in the south of Magelang city, and 42 km north of Yogyakarta, on
the way to Magelang.
Those who have
no cars can take a bus, taxi or other public transportation that passes
Borobudur on its way to the terminal, or from Yogyakarta stop at Muntilan,
there can find cart to continue the trip . Cart is alternative transport that
gives comfortable to enjoy the landscape. Probably, you can take pleasure in
the trip by seeing around in a small village, which is passed. The name of that
small village is Mendut. You can find the temple that already has the same name
with the village, Mendut Temple.
The site of the
Borobudur is perfect; it is situated in the heart of Java, well surrounded by
mountains, on the north and north east by volcanoes Merapi and Merbabu, on the
north west by the volcanoes Sumbing and Sindoro, on the south and south west by
the Menoreh Mountains.
B. Structure
Borobudur temple
was build using andesite stone moreover 55.000 m3. In the base was covered
by andesite 12.750 m3 as open veranda. In the temple has no room that people
cannot enter it. Its diameter is 121 m times 121 m and is 31 m high.
The Borobudur
temple had basic structure that was formed of a step-pyramid. The structure
consists of a step-pyramid of six rectangular storeys, three circular terraces
and a central dagob forming the summit. However all these parts form a unity
and as a whole the Borobudur resembles a stupa. Stupa is a replica of the
universe. According to Buddhist cosmology, the universe is divided into
Kamadhatu, Rupadhatu, and Arupadhatu.
Kamadhatu is the
foot or base the Borobudur represents phenomenal world. Rupadhatu is the
transitional sphere in which human being released from worldly matters; four
rectangular storeys. Arupahatu is the highest sphere, the abode of gods; the
three circular terraces and the central dagob form the Arupadhatu.
C. History
Based
on Karangtengah epigraphy and Kahulunan, Casparis predicted that Borobudur was
built by Mataram King from Wangsa Syailendra that was named Samaratungga, at
824 A.D. The big building was finished in his princess era, Princess
Pramudawardhani. The construction of Borobudur was guessed needing a half-century
of time.
Borobudur was
found again. Borobudur that becomes The Magic of World mounted between the
lowland around. Because that was not took care, there grew plants, and finally
the building was covered by plants. At the tenth century, Borobudur Temple was
forgotten. In 1907 - Theodore van Erp was carried out the restoration of
Borobudur until the year 1911. In 1926, Borobudur was constructed again, but
was stopped because of Malaise crisis and Second World War in 1940.In 1956,
Indonesia government asked helping of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgian to recheck the
causes breakage of Borobudur. Then, in1968, at Conference-15 in French, UNESCO
agreed to create group of Restoration of Borobudur temple that was lead by
Prof. Ir. Roosseno. In 1972 - International Consultative Committee was created.
The committee that was sponsored by UNESCO provided 5 million dollar of US from
the cost of Restoration 7750 million dollar of US, the balance was guaranteed
by Indonesia. In August 10, 1973, - Soeharto, The president legitimate
beginning of Borobudur Restoration, and the restoration was finished in the
year 1984. In January, 21, 1985 – there was bomb attack from Muslim extremist,
Husein Ali Al Habsyi, that caused damage
Stupa of Borobudur, next was reconstructed. The last, in 1991 - Borobudur was
decided as World Inheritance of UNESCO.
D. Function
Many theories
that explained the name of this temple, one of theories explained that the name
of Borobudur was from word “ Sambharabhudara” that means mountain (bhudara)
where is in the slops is located the terraces.
In the other
hand, etymology of citizen is Borobudur word from saying of Buddhist because of
displacement of voice can become Borobudur. Other explanation is this name word
from two words “bara” and “beduhur.” The word “bara is from word “vihara” and from Sanskrit “bara” means temple complex, monastery or
“biara” and “beduhur” means high “tinggi”
or remembering in Bali language means up “diatas”.
In another word is a monastery that is in the high land.
In another
version, In the Karangtengah epigraphy was mentioned about conferral of Sima
land by Pramudawardhani to keep Kamulan that called Bhūmisambhāra. The term
Kamūlān was from word “mula” means
place of provenance, the holy place to venerate the native land, probably from
Wangsa Syailendra. Casparis predicted that Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskirt
means "Bukit himpunan kebajikan
sepuluh tingkatan boddhisattwa" The hill of righteousness tenth levels
of boddhisattwa, is the pure name of Borobudur.
Borobudur is
still functioned to be holy placed that is used to pray for Buddhist and
Borobudur open for public to be tourism object.
E. Relief
In the each levels was chiseled on
the wall of temple. These reliefs are read in a clockwise or called
mapradaksina in Java old language word from Sanskirt daksina that means east. These
reliefs have many kinds of stories, i.e. jātaka stories. The reading of relief
stories are started and ended in gate of east side each levels, starting from
left side and ending in right side. In harmony, bellow the short stories of
temple reliefs:
KARMAWIBHANGGA
Based on symbolic of slop of temple, the
relief that decorated the wall symbolize about law karma. The relief land is
not about series of stories, but of each frames show about a story that has
correlation of causes and effects. This relief not only imagine of bad attitude
of the people and the punishment that they get, but the goodness of attitude
and reward for good moral attitude. Overall, is about delineation of human life
in the circle birth-life-death (samsara) that never the end, and Buddhist believe
that the circle will be ending to reach the perfectness.
LALITAWISTARA
It represents the history of Buddha in
the reliefs (not complete) that started from descent of Buddha from Tusita
heaven, and ended by first advices in Rusa parks near Banaras town. These
reliefs are in line from the south stair, after passed relief in line that
amount of 27 frames that begin from east stair. The 27 frames imagine about the
business, in heaven or in the world, as preparing to accept presenting of
incarnation the Bodhisattwa as candidate of Buddha. The relief imagines that
the born of Buddha as Prince Siddharta, the son of Prince Suddhodana and
princess Maya in Kapilawastu land. The amount of reliefs are 120 frames, and
the end in the first advices, symbolic as Dharma Rotation, believe of Buddha is
called dharma that means law, whereas dharma is signed by wheel.
JATAKA
DAN AWADANA
Jataka is story about Buddha before he was
born as Prince Siddharta. The containt is about goodness attitude,that
distinguish of Bodhisattwa from the other human. In the fact, collecting of
good performance is preparing in the effort to the level "Buddha.”
Awadana, in the reality is same with Jataka,
but the doer is not Bodhisattwa, the other human and the story in Diwyawadana
book that means good attitude in level godhead, and Awadanasata book or a
hundred of Awadana stories. In the relief of Borobudur temple Jataka and
Awadana, the treatment is same, both of them in the same line without
differences. The famous collection from Bodhisattwa is Jatakamala or the series
of Jataka story, art from Aryasura that lived in the 4th century.
GANDAWYUHA
It represents about a line of reliefs in
the wall of second way, is about Sudhana story that wandered without knowing
tired in the effort to find highest knowledge about the mortal truth of
Sudhana. Those are in 460 frames is based on holy book Buddha Mahayana with
title Gandawyuha, and in the closing part is based on the other book,
Bhadracari.
ARCA
BUDDHA
Another form of Buddha in cosmology
buddhis that is carved in the wall, in Borobudur there are buddha arca that
cross-legged in the lotus position and show mudra or hand with specific
symbols.Ini tugas essayku semester 4,, masih kaku n bnyk yg harus diperbaiki :)
Harry Potter’s Novel
Fiction
novel is one of interesting readers. Many people, especially teenagers spend
their time to read fiction novels. No wonder so many fiction novels that become
best sellers, moreover fiction novels are written by famous authors. Although
many popular novels are very interesting, Harry Potter who written by J.K.
Rowling is the most favorite fiction novel for many people because it is
entertaining, imaginative, and full of adventure.
Harry
Potter novels are very entertaining for the readers. Many parts in the story
make the readers consoled. For example when Harry Potter and the other students
studied about black magic, there are parts in the story tell the process of
magic, result the magic and that are so entertaining because JK. Rowling insert
sense of humor. The characters actions are amused too. The behaviors of magic
school make entertaining magic activities in the class and out of class. Over
all, the books are so comforting because the plot of story is so easy to
understand and enjoy read steps by steps the story.
Beside
amuse the readers the Harry Potter novels are also create imagination. The
readers can feel the stories are so imaginative when J.K. Rowling illustrated
the condition of magic school. The costume like coat who was wearing that has
not seen. Then, the situation of dormitory, the stairs, pictures (mural) which
can talk self, what the chamber of secret is and so on. Next about the magic
wand from feather, who is and how the shape of enemy of Harry potter, who
couldn’t say his name, magic formulas from the beginner form until the death
magic formula, e.tc. All of the author delineation overawing the readers and
they imagine that the story look like true.
Furthermore,
the Harry Potter novels become favorite fictions because full of adventure too.
The readers enjoy the author explanation about the war or conflict that happen
in the story. Steps of problem resolving in the story make the readers anxious
to know what will be like. The adventures of Harry Potter, Ron, and Hermione
are also the point of from the story. Their journey weathered the power of
darkness, the adventure of friendship, love, family and other. In the main, the
books can make the readers reside in the story.
In
conclusion, there are many favorite fiction novels written by famous authors
and Harry Potter written by J.K. Rowling is best sellers. Besides that story
create imagination, the story also give effect to make the readers anxious
knowing that. The adventures of the characters activity also make the readers
want to participate in the story. The novels are really enjoyable and
comfortable. That is way Harry Potter novels be the most favorite fiction
novels.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar